Returning Players

Returning Players in Survivor offers the opportunity for former contestants to return for another shot at becoming the Sole Survivor.

Origins
The idea of former players returning originally occurred in. Executive Producer Mark Burnett wanted to showcase "The best of the best" after the ratings increase of. During pre-production for All-Stars, Burnett wrote down the series' most likable, villainous, and memorable players on a legal pad and shortlisted eighteen names within minutes.

All-Stars
"All-Stars" seasons feature a cast comprised entirely of returning players. The eponymous season,, saw 18 returnees divided into three competing tribes. Amber Brkich ultimately won the season against Rob Mariano. The All-Stars twist was revived for the ten-year anniversary season,. This season divided the returnees based on the heroic or villainous reputations. Sandra Diaz-Twine became the first two-time winner of Survivor, beating Parvati Shallow and Russell Hantz.

The "All-Stars" twist will return once again in.

Although proving to be a success for fans of the show, some critics argued that the survival aspects were completely removed in favor of strategy and exuberant challenges. Fans also responded negatively to players that, according to popular opinion, had little to no impact on their original season. Notable casting controversies include Amber Brkich in All-Stars (who had been a backup to Elisabeth Filarski and Colleen Haskell), and Candice Woodcock in Heroes vs. Villains (whose was seen as more villainous than heroic, if either at all).

Fans vs. Favorites
Although initially intending to produce a second all-stars season, Burnett pushed for Survivor to experiment with different twists in their 16th season. The result was the "Fans vs. Favorites" twist that saw a tribe of ten returning players pitted against a tribe of ten "die-hard" fans of the show. Both iterations of this twist have seen the favorites tribe comprised solely of contestants who had only played once previously and who did not win.

The first installment,, became one of the series' most popular installments. Returning player Parvati Shallow beat out fellow favorite Amanda Kimmel in a 5-3 vote.

The twist was brought back ten seasons later for. Returning player John Cochran beat out fellow favorite Dawn Meehan and fan Sherri Biethman in a unanimous 8-0-0 vote.

One Returnee per Tribe
The "One Returnee per Tribe" twist sees two to three returning players competing against new castaways, with one returnee placed on each of the competing tribes. In all seasons featuring this twist, a returning player has made it to the Final Tribal Council.

The twist was first introduced in. Two former castaways from, Bobby Jon Drinkard and Stephenie LaGrossa, returned for a shot at redemption after being the final two members of the infamous Ulong tribe. New contestant Danni Boatwright won the season against Stephenie.

The twist saw the resurrection of this method for introducing returnees. In, Rob Mariano and Russell Hantz were brought back to settle their rivalry from. Russell was targeted early when his tribe threw a challenge to vote him out. Meanwhile, Rob won the game against fellow Ometepe tribemates Phillip Sheppard and Natalie Tenerelli.

The Redemption Island format was revisited in, with Coach Wade and Ozzy Lusth returning to improve on their weak social games. This was the first time the two returning players had not previously competed on the same season. New contestant Sophie Clarke claimed the prize, beating Coach and Albert Destrade.

introduced three previous contestants, Russell Swan, Michael Skupin, and Jonathan Penner, all of whom were evacuated due to medical reasons. This is the only iteration of the "One Returnee per Tribe" twist to bring back more than two returning players. New contestant Denise Stapley won the game against Lisa Whelchel and Skupin.

Couples
Another type of "Returnees vs. New Players" format is the couples format, where returnees would compete against people they personally know. It was first used in, where ten returning castaways would compete against their loved ones. However, each castaway would compete individually, so a castaway would still be in the game even after their partner was voted out. The twist would play its part when a castaway can opt to replace their partner who is currently on Redemption Island before a duel takes place, thus allowing their partner to take their place in the tribe.

Second Chance
The most recent type of returning player season is in which the public had the opportunity to vote for 20 of 32 certain contestants to return and have another shot. These players each have only played once and have never won, while also originating from multiple seasons, all the way from season 1 to 30. These players can also be runner-ups, jury members, or even pre-merge boots.

Trivia

 * Of the 84 returnees: 65 have played twice, 15 have played three times, and 4 have played four times.
 * Rob Mariano, Rupert Boneham, Cirie Fields, and Ozzy Lusth are the only contestants to play four times.
 * Sandra Diaz-Twine, Jenna Morasca, Michael Skupin, and Colton Cumbie are the only returning players to never be voted out.
 * However, Sandra is currently the only returning player to never be eliminated prior to the Final Tribal Council. Jenna made the finals once and quit once, Michael made the finals once and was medically evacuated once, and Colton was medically evacuated once and quit once.
 * and currently have the most returning castaways, with eight.
 * The eight returnees from The Australian Outback have returned eleven times total, the most of any season.
 * Erik Reichenbach was the only player who debuted in to return for another season.
 * Currently, all aired seasons have had at least one player to return.
 * However, no players that debuted in or  have returned. The only returnees from Guatemala and Caramoan, Stephenie LaGrossa and Malcolm Freberg respectively, were returnees themselves on those seasons.
 * The final four of, the final four of , and the final four of have all been returning players.
 * All the returnees from have participated in the game at least three times, with Ozzy Lusth having competed four times. This season has introduced the highest number of three-time players, with four.
 * Prior to, no contestant to place lower than 10th had returned. Philippines broke this pattern by returning Michael Skupin (11th) from and Russell Swan (14th) from.
 * Kelly Wiglesworth currently holds the record for the longest period between appearances on Survivor, with 30 seasons.
 * Jeff Varner and Kimmi Kappenberg each went 29 seasons between appearances.
 * Gervase Peterson held the record before Kelly, with 26 seasons between appearances.
 * In all three seasons where the tribes were divided as new players against returning players:
 * A tribe switch occurred, mixing the tribes between new and returning players.
 * Post-switch, the tribe originally consisting of new players won every Immunity Challenge.
 * The Sole Survivor and at least one runner-up were returning players, and no new players received votes from the jury.